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quinine is efficacious against malaria - tradução para russo
![fluoresce]] under black light.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tonic water uv.jpg?width=200 "fluoresce]] under black light.")
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![An advertisement for [[quinine]] as a malaria treatment from 1927.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/"British India", six stages of malaria. Wellcome L0022443.jpg?width=200 "An advertisement for [[quinine]] as a malaria treatment from 1927.")
![gold standard]] for malaria diagnosis.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/5901 lores.jpg?width=200 "gold standard]] for malaria diagnosis.")
![An ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'' mosquito shortly after obtaining blood from a human (the droplet of blood is expelled as a surplus). This mosquito is a vector of malaria, and mosquito control is an effective way of reducing its incidence.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Anopheles stephensi.jpeg?width=200 "An ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'' mosquito shortly after obtaining blood from a human (the droplet of blood is expelled as a surplus). This mosquito is a vector of malaria, and mosquito control is an effective way of reducing its incidence.")
![''Artemisia annua'', source of the antimalarial drug [[artemisinin]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Artemisia annua West Virginia.jpg?width=200 "''Artemisia annua'', source of the antimalarial drug [[artemisinin]]")
![U.S. Marines with malaria in a field hospital on [[Guadalcanal]], October 1942](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/GuadMarinesMalaria.gif?width=200 "U.S. Marines with malaria in a field hospital on [[Guadalcanal]], October 1942")
.jpg?width=200 "1962 Pakistani postage stamp promoting malaria eradication program")
![Child with malaria in [[Ethiopia]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Malaria Patient, Nyangaton, Ethiopia (15151075077).jpg?width=200 "Child with malaria in [[Ethiopia]]")
![Ancient malaria oocysts preserved in [[Dominican amber]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Malaria pathogens.jpg?width=200 "Ancient malaria oocysts preserved in [[Dominican amber]]")
![Man spraying kerosene oil in standing water, [[Panama Canal Zone]], 1912](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg?width=200 "Man spraying kerosene oil in standing water, [[Panama Canal Zone]], 1912")
![[[Micrograph]] of a [[placenta]] from a [[stillbirth]] due to maternal malaria. [[H&E stain]]. Red blood cells are anuclear; blue/black staining in bright red structures (red blood cells) indicate foreign nuclei from the parasites.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maternal malaria placenta - cropped - very high mag.jpg?width=200 "[[Micrograph]] of a [[placenta]] from a [[stillbirth]] due to maternal malaria. [[H&E stain]]. Red blood cells are anuclear; blue/black staining in bright red structures (red blood cells) indicate foreign nuclei from the parasites.")
![Members of the Malaria Commission of the [[League of Nations]] collecting larvae on the [[Danube delta]], 1929](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Members of the Malaria Commission on the Danube delta, 1929 Wellcome L0011626.jpg?width=200 "Members of the Malaria Commission of the [[League of Nations]] collecting larvae on the [[Danube delta]], 1929")
![Ring-forms and [[gametocyte]]s of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' in human blood](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Plasmodium.jpg?width=200 "Ring-forms and [[gametocyte]]s of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' in human blood")
 species by country of origin for imported cases to non-endemic countries.png?width=200 "url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27777030 }}</ref>")
![British doctor [[Ronald Ross]] received the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] in 1902 for his work on malaria.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ronald Ross.jpg?width=200 "British doctor [[Ronald Ross]] received the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] in 1902 for his work on malaria.")
![Chinese medical researcher [[Tu Youyou]] received the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] in 2015 for her work on the antimalarial drug [[artemisinin]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tu Youyou 5012-1-2015.jpg?width=200 "Chinese medical researcher [[Tu Youyou]] received the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] in 2015 for her work on the antimalarial drug [[artemisinin]].")
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Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis. This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world. Quinine is also used as an ingredient in tonic water to impart a bitter taste.
Common side effects include headache, ringing in the ears, vision issues, and sweating. More severe side effects include deafness, low blood platelets, and an irregular heartbeat. Use can make one more prone to sunburn. While it is unclear if use during pregnancy causes harm to the baby, treating malaria during pregnancy with quinine when appropriate is still recommended. Quinine is an alkaloid, a naturally occurring chemical compound. How it works as a medicine is not entirely clear.
Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a cinchona tree, which is native to Peru, and its molecular formula was determined by Strecker in 1854. The class of chemical compounds to which it belongs is thus called the cinchona alkaloids. Bark extracts had been used to treat malaria since at least 1632 and it was introduced to Spain as early as 1636 by Jesuit missionaries returning from the New World. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Treatment of malaria with quinine marks the first known use of a chemical compound to treat an infectious disease.
